殘奧會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員如何分級(jí)？盲人選手怎么踢球？

東京殘奧會(huì)正在如火如荼地進(jìn)行，本屆殘奧會(huì)共分22個(gè)大項(xiàng)，539個(gè)小項(xiàng)，共有來自約160個(gè)國家和地區(qū)的4400名運(yùn)動(dòng)員參賽。

為保證比賽盡可能公平、公正和安全，國際殘奧委會(huì)對(duì)參賽選手的殘疾情況和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力進(jìn)行評(píng)級(jí)，根據(jù)具體參賽項(xiàng)目的要求將殘疾程度、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力差不多的選手分在一起進(jìn)行比賽。

2020東京殘奧會(huì)輪椅擊劍項(xiàng)目比賽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。圖源：路透社

Eligible impairments

符合殘疾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

The first component of the Paralympic classification is identifying the eligible impairments.In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, Para athletes must have at least one of the following ten impairments as outlined by the International Paralympic Committee:

殘奧會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員分級(jí)的第一個(gè)要求是符合殘疾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。參加殘奧會(huì)的殘疾人運(yùn)動(dòng)員必須至少有國際殘奧委員會(huì)規(guī)定的以下十種殘障之一：

Impaired muscle power肌力受損

Impaired passive range of movement

被動(dòng)活動(dòng)范圍受損

（注：物理醫(yī)學(xué)與康復(fù)名詞，由外力使關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)所通過的運(yùn)動(dòng)弧）

Limb deficiency肢體殘缺

Leg length difference雙下肢不等長

Short stature矮小癥

Hypertonia (excessive muscle tone in arms or legs that lead to difficulty in movement)張力過強(qiáng)（手臂或腿部肌肉張力過大，導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)困難）

Ataxia (a disorder of the nervous system affecting coordination, balance and speech)共濟(jì)失調(diào)（一種影響協(xié)調(diào)、平衡和語言功能的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂）

Athetosis (movement dysfunction such as involuntary writhing of the limbs)手足徐動(dòng)癥（運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙，如四肢不自主扭動(dòng)）

Vision impairment視力障礙

Intellectual impairment智力障礙

Some events, like the football 5-a-side or goalball, are only open to athletes who have a vision impairment. Other sports like swimming are open to athletes with any of the 10 impairments.部分項(xiàng)目，如殘奧會(huì)5人制足球或門球只允許視力障礙運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加。游泳等其他運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目允許符合上述10種殘疾狀況中任意一種的運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加。

【殘奧小百科】

殘奧會(huì)5人制足球（football 5-a-side）比賽是以攻破對(duì)方球門得分為目的而進(jìn)行的同場(chǎng)攻守對(duì)抗項(xiàng)目。每隊(duì)由5名場(chǎng)上隊(duì)員和5名替補(bǔ)隊(duì)員組成，其中包括守門員和替補(bǔ)守門員各1名。除守門員外，其他隊(duì)員都為盲人。只有守門員可以在規(guī)定的區(qū)域內(nèi)用手觸球。比賽中，進(jìn)攻方目標(biāo)是把球踢進(jìn)對(duì)方球門得分，而防守方則是盡力阻止對(duì)方得分。比賽用球由皮革或特殊的合成材料制成，它有一個(gè)內(nèi)部發(fā)聲設(shè)備，能讓運(yùn)動(dòng)員聽見它的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

盲人門球（goalball）比賽在兩隊(duì)之間進(jìn)行，每隊(duì)由3名球員和最多不超過3名的替補(bǔ)隊(duì)員組成。運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽都要戴上眼罩。比賽在體育館內(nèi)光滑的地板上舉行，使用帶有響鈴的球，雙方要把球滾過對(duì)方的球門線。如果對(duì)手阻止了進(jìn)攻，就進(jìn)行攻防轉(zhuǎn)換。

2020東京殘奧會(huì)盲人門球比賽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。圖源：路透社

Sport classes

體育項(xiàng)目分級(jí)

The second component of classification is determining how much an impairment affects the performance of each athlete.Because the severity of these conditions vary from person to person, this secondary classification system is used so that athletes will be grouped with competitors who have similar degrees of impairment, thus minimizing unfair disadvantages.

殘奧會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員分級(jí)的第二個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是確定一種身體障礙對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的表現(xiàn)有多大影響。由于這些殘疾情況的嚴(yán)重程度因人而異，因此殘奧會(huì)采用了這種二級(jí)分類系統(tǒng)，以便將具有相近殘障程度的運(yùn)動(dòng)員歸為一組，從而最大限度地保證公平。

Visually impaired athletes, for instance, are divided into three different classes (B1, B2 or B3) based on the clarity of their vision and degree of light perception. Football 5-a-side is limited to athletes who meet the criteria of the B1 sport class, where they have a very low level of clarity and/or no light perception. Goalball, on the other hand, is open to visually impaired athletes of all three classes, but requires all players to wear eye shades when competing.例如，視障運(yùn)動(dòng)員根據(jù)其視力的清晰度和光感程度被分為三個(gè)不同的等級(jí)（B1、B2或B3）。5人制足球僅限滿足B1級(jí)別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員參賽。B1級(jí)別運(yùn)動(dòng)員的視力清晰度非常低，且/或無光感。而門球?qū)λ腥齻€(gè)級(jí)別的視障運(yùn)動(dòng)員開放，但要求所有運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽時(shí)戴上眼罩。

Other sports like athletics, which are open to athletes with any of the ten impairments, will feature even more classes to include athletes from every category as well as different degrees of impairment. Each of the classes under every category will have its own medal event.其他體育項(xiàng)目，如田徑項(xiàng)目面向有上述10種殘疾的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，將分為更多小項(xiàng)，從而將各種殘疾以及殘障程度不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)員包含在內(nèi)。各項(xiàng)目類別下的每個(gè)級(jí)別小項(xiàng)都設(shè)有獎(jiǎng)牌。

In some respects, these sport classes can be likened to the weight classes in boxing and judo at the Olympic Games. Just like different weight categories help determine level of fairness in tournaments, the sport classes ensure that the athletes' strength and tactical ability, rather than their physical characteristics, are highlighted during the competition.在某些方面，殘奧會(huì)體育項(xiàng)目分級(jí)與奧運(yùn)會(huì)拳擊和柔道的重量分級(jí)類似。正如劃分不同重量級(jí)別有助于確保比賽公平一樣，體育項(xiàng)目分級(jí)確保在比賽中突出運(yùn)動(dòng)員的技術(shù)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而不是他們的身體條件。

Through this system, the Paralympics can maximize the number of participants, break down barriers and award recognition to athletes based on their extraordinary levels of skill, endurance and mental focus.通過這個(gè)系統(tǒng)，可以最大限度地讓更多運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加殘奧會(huì)，打破壁壘，并根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員非凡的技術(shù)水平、耐力和精神專注度給予他們認(rèn)可。